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The Historical Grammar of Lithuanian language

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Pranešimo tema: The Historical Grammar of Lithuanian language

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The Historical Grammar of Lithuanian language.
Sound samples are available in the Phonetics section.

https://babaev.tripod.com/archive/grammar11.html#1

1. The History of Lithuanian language, its place in the Indo-European family.

2. The historical and modern phonetics.

3. The Lithuanian noun.

4. The Lithuanian adjective.

5. The Lithuanian pronoun.

6. The Lithuanian adverb.

7. The Lithuanian numeral.

8. The Lithuanian verb.

9. The Lithuanian verbal substantives.

10. The Lithuanian preposition.

11. The Lithuanian conjunction, particle and interjection.

12. The Lithuanian syntax.

§ 1. The History of Lithuanian Language, Its Place in the Indo-European Family.

The Lithuanian language is included in the Baltic group of Indo-European languages and represents (together with existing Latvian, extinct Latgalian and Semigalian languages) the West Baltic subgroup.

Most of scientists agree that Baltic languages were a part of Balto-Slavic language community in the 2nd millennium B.C. Balto-Slavic together with German is believed to drift apart from East Indo-European in the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C., soon Balto-Slavic tribes settled in plains and forests of Eastern Europe, where now Belorussia, the Ukraine, Lithuania and western regions of Russia are situated. Germanic tribes parted from that community and went farther to Europe. That is the most common theory, but still some arguments are going on.

Nevertheless, it is doubtless, that during the second and the first half of the first millennium B.C. Baltic and Slavic tribes could understand each other quite well. They inhabited lands along the upper Dnepr, the lower Dvina (Daugava), the Bug and the Neman (Nemunas) rivers. As they were spreading the language, naturally, acquired its varieties, then dialects, and near the 8th or the 7th century B.C. it appeared possible to speak about two different groups of language - Common Baltic and Common Slavic. Of them, the Baltic tribes inhabited vast regions in modern Belorussia, Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania. According to Herodot, Hesiod and other Greek geographers, in 6th and 5th languages B.C. north from Baltic tribes lands were inhabited by Finnish peoples, east, west and south - by Slavs. During the next couple of centuries the Baltic region acquired its more or less stable borderlines, after slow migration to the North and assimilation of Baltic tribes by Slavs in the South.

Common Baltic divided into two subgroups - eastern and western - and then into single languages, but they did not differ a lot (comparing with Celtic or Anatolian, for example). But still we cannot call a language "Lithuanian" until various tribes were consolidated into one community by prince Mindaugas in 13th century A.D.

The connections of Slavic and Baltic languages are still making them the closest groups in Indo-European community. According to research, in modern Russian the words of Indo-European (i.e. cognates can be found in more than one other group) stem make about 7.5%, and the words with cognate stems in Baltic and Slavic make over 19%. Phonetic systems of Slavic and Lithuanian are quite similar, and in Belorussia and northern Russia there are dialects that have completely Lithuanian phonetics. Morphology is not so close but still shows evident relativeness: the system of cases and numbers, the verb system, the syntax are much alike. If you know Russian, you will be quite surprised while reading the grammar material given below.

Many words and even speech samples are not common, but were borrowed into Lithuanian from Russian, Polish and Belorussian. That can be explained not only by historical unity of Lithuanian and Poland first, then Lithuania and Russia, but also by similarity of languages.

There is one more very important feature of Lithuanian which is impossible to omit. The language is believed to be one of the most conservative in the whole Indo-European family and so one of the closest to the Common Indo-European stage of language. That is why when analyzing Proto-Indo-European, we consider Lithuanian examples together with those from Latin, Greek and Hittite.

And...

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